الجزء الثانى
The underpowered Tu-22M2 Backfire B was
the first production model, or
which over 200 were built (US DoD).
The Tupolev Tu-22M3
Backfire C The latest variant of the Backfire is the third generation
Tu-22M3 Backfire C model, which remained in production until 1993.
The earliest origins of the Backfire were in the earlier Tu-22
Blinder, a Russian analogue to the US B-58 Hustler. Inferior to the
B-58, the Soviet air staff sought a significantly more capable design.
After much research and internal argument during the mid 1960s, the
Tu-22M designation was allocated to a largely unique design.
The first Backfire variant was the Tu-22M-0 subtype, using an
F-4 Phantom like inlet arrangement, long inlet tunnels, a variable
geometry wing, and B-1A-like side by side seating, unlike the tandem
Tu-22 Blinder. A pair of NK-144-22 afterburning fans, common to the
Tu-144 Concord-ski were employed. The embryonic Backfire inherited
the single centreline Raduga Kh-22/AS-4 Kitchen [More
...]
supersonic standoff missile as
its primary weapon. Flight testing progressed concurrently with low
rate initial production, but only 10 were built by late 1972.
Dissatisfaction with the baseline Backfire led to an extensive
rework of the design, under the designation Tu-22M-1 or Backfire A.
Aerodynamics were refined, 6,500 lb of weight removed, span was
increased by 60 inches and the speedbrake was relocated. The Backfire A
was also a disappointment, and only 9 were built by late 1972.
Yet another cycle of redesign work followed, producing the
Tu-22M-2 or Backfire B designated article 45-02, the first mass
production variant. It was around 3,000 lb lighter than the Backfire A,
and powered by a pair of new NK-22 engines. With more thrust, the
Backfire B could lift up to 24 tonnes of weapons, including a payload
of three Kh-22/AS-4 Kitchen missiles. The aircraft carried a tail
turret with paired NR-23 guns, a PRS-3 Argon-2 ranging radar and TV
remote gunsight. The PNA-B Rubin / Down Beat attack radar was designed
to provide over 300 degree coverage emulating the HP Victor
installation, and was supplemented by a ventral remote TV bombsight
arranged like that in the Avro Vulcan. Dal'naya Aviatsia IOC was
achieved in 1974, with AV-MF naval aviation regiments receiving their
Backfire Bs in 1976. By the end of production in 1983, no less than 211
examples were built.
Tupolev
Tu-22M3 Backfire C.
The underpowered Backfire B was considered inadequate and
design work commenced early on the improved Tu-22M3 or Backfire C
designated Article 45-03, which first flew in 1977, following trials of
the more powerful NK-25 engine in a Backfire B airframe. The redesign
was extensive, including some use of titanium structure to further
reduce empty weight, and was led by the Tupolev Bureau's Deputy Chief
Designer Boris E Levanovich. The most visible change were the adoption
of F-15 style ramped inlets, and revised auxiliary inlets. Less visible
were changes to the wing design, permitting a 65 degree sweep, more
than earlier variants. The reshaped and stretched nose incorporated a
revised refuelling probe design. Further changes were made to the
vertical tail, undercarriage, defensive gun package and avionics.
During the mid-1990s the author discussed the Tu-22M3 with Levanovich,
who was adamant that the production aircraft had a hi-hi-hi combat
radius of 4,000 km (2,160 NMI) with a payload of three Kh-22M/AS-4
missiles, well in excess of then current Western estimates.
Emitter array
for internal
SPS-171/172 electronically
steerable jammer, depicted in podded configuration (KNIRTI).
موضوع: رد: هام جداااااااااا TU-22 بالعلم المصرى 
الثلاثاء 1 يوليو 2008 - 12:34
