ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ
ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻣﻦﻃﺎﺋﺮﺓﺇﻟﻰ
ﺃﺧﺮﻯ،ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺠﺪﻩ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻓﻲ ﻃﺎﺋﺮﺓ
ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﻳﺘﺪﺭﺝ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻃﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﺭﻛﺎﺏ ﻧﻔﺎﺛﺔ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ
ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺗﺘﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ
ﻓﻜﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰﺧﺰﺍﻥﻟﻠﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺃﻭ
ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ
ﻟﻨﻘﻞﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺇﻟﻰﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻙ
ﻭﻣﻀﺨﺔ"pump"ﻭﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ"valves"ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ
ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ،ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ"indicators"
ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ.
ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ
ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﻮﺍﺀً ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ
ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﺣﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ
ﻟﻠﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ.ﻳﺄﺧﺬ
ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ
ﻟﻠﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ،ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ
%10ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ%40
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ.ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ
ﻟﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ.ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ
ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻤﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﻌﻮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ
ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ.ﻭﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ
ﻭﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﻭﺇﻃﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻤﺮ
ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﺸﻐﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ
ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ
ﻓﻤﺜﻼً ﻓﻲﻃﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕB747ﻳﺘﻢ ﺃﻭﻻً
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ
ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻭﻳﻠﻴﻪ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ
ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ.
ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ
ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ
ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺮﺏ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ
ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ.ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻗﺪ
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ,ﻣﺎﺀ,
ﺛﻠﺞﺃﻭﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎﺗﺘﻐﺬﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ.
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺪ ﻓﻼﺗﺮ
ﻭﺻﺎﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻭﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ
ﻋﻨﺪ ﻃﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﺣﻴﺚ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻣﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ
ﻳﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺛﻠﺞ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺗﺮ،ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﺨﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ
ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ.ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ
ﺗﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ.ﻭﻣﻦ
ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ.
ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ
"Integral tanks"
ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ
ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ.
"Bladder tanks"
ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﻴﺲ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻁ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ،ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ
ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺎﺋﺮﺓC-130
"External Fuel Tanks"
ﻫﻲ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻠﻘﺔ
ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ
ﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺮﺍﻥ.
ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ
"Engine Feed Pumps"
ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ.
"Fuel transfer pumps"
ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺁﺧﺮ.
ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ
"Selector valves"
ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻙ.
"Cross-feed valves"
ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﺇﻝ
ﺁﺧﺮ.
"Refuel / defuel valves"
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺃﻭ
ﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻐﻬﺎ.
"Fuel dump valves"
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ.
"Fuel vent valves"
ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ.
ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻛﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ
ﺗﻄﻔﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ
ﺑﺈﺑﺮﺓ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﻮﺩ
ﻣﺜﻞ،1/4،1/23/4
"Magnetic fuel quantity stick"
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻷﺭﺽ.ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺼﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺃﺳﻬﺎ
ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ
ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ
ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺧﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ
ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً.ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ
ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺰﻭﻝ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ
ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ
ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎ ﻣﺮﻗﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻄﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ.ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺜﻼً ﻓﻲﻃﺎﺋﺮﺓB747
ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ10ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ.
"Concentric-type fuel quantity
system"
ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻧﻪ
ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ
ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ
ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻛﻤﺎ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ،ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻄﻌﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻥ
ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻭﻳﻌﻤﻼ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ
ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﻤﺘﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ
ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ.ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻛﻼً
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩﻭﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀﻛﻌﺎﺯﻝ ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ ﺣﻴﺚ
ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ.ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻞ
ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻭﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍﺀ
ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻐﻴﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ
ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﻳﻌﺎﻳﺮ
ﻟﺘﺘﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺗﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭ ﺇﻣﺎ
ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﺟﺮﺍﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﻭﻧﺪ.